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Kingdom of Byblos

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Byblos

Regatul Byblos (Gebal)

Al IV-lea regat vasal al Feniciei, sub Imperiul Ahemenid

Domnie: 539 î.E.C. – 333 î.E.C.


În 539 î.E.C., Babilonul a fost cucerit de Cirus cel Mare, eveniment care marchează începutul Imperiului Ahemenid (persan). În timpul domniei fiului și succesorului lui Cirus, Cambyses (domnie 530-522), perșii au cucerit Egiptul, ceea ce era posibil numai dacă controlau țărmurile mediteraneene, ceea ce, la rândul său, a necesitat construirea unei flote. Sidon și Byblos urmau să fie principalele porturi. Timp de două secole, Byblos a fost un centru important al puterii ahemenide. Un fort persan, construit în jurul unui turn fenician, este încă vizibil.

Monedele și inscripțiile erau abundente în timpul stăpânirii persane în Byblos, dar data domniei regilor lor nu apărea pe monede, ceea ce face dificilă urmărirea cronologiei exacte a regilor săi. Primul rege care a domnit în Byblos în epoca persană, de la cucerirea de către Cirus, a fost Shipitbaal al III-lea (în jurul anului 500 î.E.C.), ceea ce implică că au fost doi înaintea lui. Regele Yehawmilk (450 î.E.C.), lăsând în urma lui o inscripție faimoasă care descrie lucrările făcute la templul lui Baalat Gebal. Sub conducerea sa au fost bătute monede semnificative. S-a făcut o sugestie, bazată pe inscripția lui Yehawmilk că bunicul și tatăl său au domnit înaintea lui. Există o lacună în informații despre cine a domnit după Yehawmilk, monedele după el arată numele a patru regi, Elpaal, Ozbaal, Addirmilk și Ainel, cronologia exactă nu este foarte bine cunoscută, dar s-a făcut o propunere pentru a le clasifica așa cum sunt menționate aici. Se sugerează că ultimului rege, Ainel, i s-a permis să domnească sub Alexandru cel Mare. De asemenea, s-a propus ca Urimilk să fie introdus între Addirmilk și Aynel, și Zakur între Ozbaal și Addirmilk.

Conologia ar fi Shipitbaal III (?), Urimilk II, Yeharbaal, Yehawmilk, Elpaal, Ozbaal, Addirmilk și Ainel.

Sfârșitul Imperiului Persan a venit în 333 î.E.C., după bătălia de la Issus. Macedonenii lui Alexandru cel Mare au cucerit Orientul Apropiat și Byblos a fost printre primele orașe care s-au predat. După moartea lui Alexandru (în 323 î.E.C.), orașul a făcut parte din „Coele Syria”, zonă care a fost contestată între statele succesoare Macedonene, Imperiul Seleucid și Ptolemaic.


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